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Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Magnolia stellata (Star Magnolia) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media …

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Magnolia stellata (Star Magnolia) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media Library (IFML). Specimen Details Taxon: Magnolia stellata Family: Magnoliaceae Common Name: Star Magnolia Specimen Type: Leaf (Adaxial & Abaxial) Collection Date: 2025 Location: Story County, Iowa, USA Data Structure To facilitate both scientific analysis and general use, this dataset is organized into two distinct packages: Archival Package (.zip): Contains the raw, uncompressed 48-bit TIFF masters captured at 1200 dpi. These files are cropped to the specimen boundaries and contain no color grading, post-processing, or physical scale bars. Recommended for high-magnification analysis of venation and pubescence. Access Package (.zip): Contains processed, color-corrected images. This includes PNGs with backgrounds removed (transparent) and high-quality JPEGs sharpened for immediate use in presentations, teaching materials, and web applications. Technical Specifications Scanner: Epson Expression 13000XL Resolution: 1200 dpi Color Depth: 48-bit Color (TIFF) / 24-bit (JPEG/PNG) Processing: Archival TIFFs are raw crops. Access files were processed in Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom using a standardized white balance and editing script to ensure consistency across the library. Citation & Attribution Under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0), you are free to use these images but must provide appropriate credit. For Academic Research (Bibliography): Willard, Eli. (2026). Iowa Forestry Media Library: Magnolia stellata Dataset 021. Zenodo. For Web, Social Media, or Presentations (Caption/Credit Line): "Image courtesy of Eli Willard / Iowa Forestry Media Library (CC-BY 4.0)"

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Juglans cinerea (Butternut) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media Librar…

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Juglans cinerea (Butternut) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media Library (IFML). Specimen Details Taxon: Juglans cinerea Family: Juglandaceae Common Name: Butternut Specimen Type: Leaf (Adaxial & Abaxial) Collection Date: 2025 Location: Story County, Iowa, USA Data Structure To facilitate both scientific analysis and general use, this dataset is organized into two distinct packages: Archival Package (.zip): Contains the raw, uncompressed 48-bit TIFF masters captured at 1200 dpi. These files are cropped to the specimen boundaries and contain no color grading, post-processing, or physical scale bars. Recommended for high-magnification analysis of venation and pubescence. Access Package (.zip): Contains processed, color-corrected images. This includes PNGs with backgrounds removed (transparent) and high-quality JPEGs sharpened for immediate use in presentations, teaching materials, and web applications. Technical Specifications Scanner: Epson Expression 13000XL Resolution: 1200 dpi Color Depth: 48-bit Color (TIFF) / 24-bit (JPEG/PNG) Processing: Archival TIFFs are raw crops. Access files were processed in Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom using a standardized white balance and editing script to ensure consistency across the library. Citation & Attribution Under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0), you are free to use these images but must provide appropriate credit. For Academic Research (Bibliography): Willard, Eli. (2026). Iowa Forestry Media Library: Juglans cinerea Dataset 018. Zenodo. For Web, Social Media, or Presentations (Caption/Credit Line): "Image courtesy of Eli Willard / Iowa Forestry Media Library (CC-BY 4.0)"

Newcomb’s problem has divided decision theory for five decades over a single question: whether a predictor’s already-made choice is fixed at the moment the agent decides. Evidential and ca…

Newcomb’s problem has divided decision theory for five decades over a single question: whether a predictor’s already-made choice is fixed at the moment the agent decides. Evidential and causal decision theory give opposite verdicts, and the disagreement has proved stable because both camps accept the premise that the prediction, having occurred in the past, is determinate in the present. This paper proposes a decision rule that removes that premise rather than adjudicating between the camps. On the proposal, determinacy is indexed to an observer’s information state rather than to a position in time, so that an event’s having occurred earlier does not by itself make its content settled for a later deciding agent: an unread past outcome is a blank entry, and a blank entry is unsettled regardless of where its referent sits in time. The one-boxing verdict then follows from the structure of the decision rather than from the news value of the act (as in evidential decision theory) or from any backward causation (which the proposal does not invoke). The account converges with the one-box verdict of timeless and functional decision theory while supplying the ontological anchor those theories leave implicit, and it dissolves the standard randomization objection through a joint-consistency constraint rather than by stipulation. The rule is the decision-theoretic face of a general treatment of determinacy as observer-relative; a second route to the same verdict, through a principle of anthropic typicality, is sketched and its distinctness from classical anthropic reasoning emphasized. Neither route is offered as a proof that one-boxing is correct; both are offered as accounts of why, once a widely shared assumption about the past is dropped, the verdict ceases to be paradoxical.

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Cercis canadensis (Eastern Redbud) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media…

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Cercis canadensis (Eastern Redbud) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media Library (IFML). Specimen Details Taxon: Cercis canadensis Family: Fabaceae Common Name: Eastern Redbud Specimen Type: Leaf (Adaxial & Abaxial) Collection Date: 2025 Location: Story County, Iowa, USA Data Structure To facilitate both scientific analysis and general use, this dataset is organized into two distinct packages: Archival Package (.zip): Contains the raw, uncompressed 48-bit TIFF masters captured at 1200 dpi. These files are cropped to the specimen boundaries and contain no color grading, post-processing, or physical scale bars. Recommended for high-magnification analysis of venation and pubescence. Access Package (.zip): Contains processed, color-corrected images. This includes PNGs with backgrounds removed (transparent) and high-quality JPEGs sharpened for immediate use in presentations, teaching materials, and web applications. Technical Specifications Scanner: Epson Expression 13000XL Resolution: 1200 dpi Color Depth: 48-bit Color (TIFF) / 24-bit (JPEG/PNG) Processing: Archival TIFFs are raw crops. Access files were processed in Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom using a standardized white balance and editing script to ensure consistency across the library. Citation & Attribution Under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0), you are free to use these images but must provide appropriate credit. For Academic Research (Bibliography): Willard, Eli. (2026). Iowa Forestry Media Library: Cercis canadensis Dataset 013. Zenodo. For Web, Social Media, or Presentations (Caption/Credit Line): "Image courtesy of Eli Willard / Iowa Forestry Media Library (CC-BY 4.0)"

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Celtis occidentalis (Common Hackberry) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry M…

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Celtis occidentalis (Common Hackberry) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media Library (IFML). Specimen Details Taxon: Celtis occidentalis Family: Cannabaceae Common Name: Common Hackberry Specimen Type: Leaf (Adaxial & Abaxial) Collection Date: 2025 Location: Story County, Iowa, USA Data Structure To facilitate both scientific analysis and general use, this dataset is organized into two distinct packages: Archival Package (.zip): Contains the raw, uncompressed 48-bit TIFF masters captured at 1200 dpi. These files are cropped to the specimen boundaries and contain no color grading, post-processing, or physical scale bars. Recommended for high-magnification analysis of venation and pubescence. Access Package (.zip): Contains processed, color-corrected images. This includes PNGs with backgrounds removed (transparent) and high-quality JPEGs sharpened for immediate use in presentations, teaching materials, and web applications. Technical Specifications Scanner: Epson Expression 13000XL Resolution: 1200 dpi Color Depth: 48-bit Color (TIFF) / 24-bit (JPEG/PNG) Processing: Archival TIFFs are raw crops. Access files were processed in Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom using a standardized white balance and editing script to ensure consistency across the library. Citation & Attribution Under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0), you are free to use these images but must provide appropriate credit. For Academic Research (Bibliography): Willard, Eli. (2026). Iowa Forestry Media Library: Celtis occidentalis Dataset 012. Zenodo. For Web, Social Media, or Presentations (Caption/Credit Line): "Image courtesy of Eli Willard / Iowa Forestry Media Library (CC-BY 4.0)"

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Carya ovata (Shagbark Hickory) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media Lib…

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Carya ovata (Shagbark Hickory) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media Library (IFML). Specimen Details Taxon: Carya ovata Family: Juglandaceae Common Name: Shagbark Hickory Specimen Type: Leaf (Adaxial & Abaxial) Collection Date: 2025 Location: Story County, Iowa, USA Data Structure To facilitate both scientific analysis and general use, this dataset is organized into two distinct packages: Archival Package (.zip): Contains the raw, uncompressed 48-bit TIFF masters captured at 1200 dpi. These files are cropped to the specimen boundaries and contain no color grading, post-processing, or physical scale bars. Recommended for high-magnification analysis of venation and pubescence. Access Package (.zip): Contains processed, color-corrected images. This includes PNGs with backgrounds removed (transparent) and high-quality JPEGs sharpened for immediate use in presentations, teaching materials, and web applications. Technical Specifications Scanner: Epson Expression 13000XL Resolution: 1200 dpi Color Depth: 48-bit Color (TIFF) / 24-bit (JPEG/PNG) Processing: Archival TIFFs are raw crops. Access files were processed in Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom using a standardized white balance and editing script to ensure consistency across the library. Citation & Attribution Under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0), you are free to use these images but must provide appropriate credit. For Academic Research (Bibliography): Willard, Eli. (2026). Iowa Forestry Media Library: Carya ovata Dataset 010. Zenodo. For Web, Social Media, or Presentations (Caption/Credit Line): "Image courtesy of Eli Willard / Iowa Forestry Media Library (CC-BY 4.0)"

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Carya cordiformis (Bitternut Hickory) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Me…

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Carya cordiformis (Bitternut Hickory) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media Library (IFML). Specimen Details Taxon: Carya cordiformis Family: Juglandaceae Common Name: Bitternut Hickory Specimen Type: Leaf (Adaxial & Abaxial) Collection Date: 2025 Location: Story County, Iowa, USA Data Structure To facilitate both scientific analysis and general use, this dataset is organized into two distinct packages: Archival Package (.zip): Contains the raw, uncompressed 48-bit TIFF masters captured at 1200 dpi. These files are cropped to the specimen boundaries and contain no color grading, post-processing, or physical scale bars. Recommended for high-magnification analysis of venation and pubescence. Access Package (.zip): Contains processed, color-corrected images. This includes PNGs with backgrounds removed (transparent) and high-quality JPEGs sharpened for immediate use in presentations, teaching materials, and web applications. Technical Specifications Scanner: Epson Expression 13000XL Resolution: 1200 dpi Color Depth: 48-bit Color (TIFF) / 24-bit (JPEG/PNG) Processing: Archival TIFFs are raw crops. Access files were processed in Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom using a standardized white balance and editing script to ensure consistency across the library. Citation & Attribution Under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0), you are free to use these images but must provide appropriate credit. For Academic Research (Bibliography): Willard, Eli. (2026). Iowa Forestry Media Library: Carya cordiformis Dataset 009. Zenodo. For Web, Social Media, or Presentations (Caption/Credit Line): "Image courtesy of Eli Willard / Iowa Forestry Media Library (CC-BY 4.0)"

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo comparar las características antropométricas y de composición corporal entre deportistas universitarios de baloncesto y atletis…

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo comparar las características antropométricas y de composición corporal entre deportistas universitarios de baloncesto y atletismo de la Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena. Se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, comparativo y de campo, con diseño no experimental y transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 22 deportistas seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia: 12 pertenecientes a baloncesto y 10 a atletismo. Se evaluaron la estatura, el peso corporal, el índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, la masa muscular y el perímetro de cintura mediante instrumentos antropométricos y procedimientos estandarizados conforme al protocolo de la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Para el análisis estadístico se emplearon medidas descriptivas, la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk, la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes y el tamaño del efecto mediante la d de Cohen. Los resultados mostraron que las deportistas de baloncesto presentaron valores promedio superiores en estatura, peso corporal, porcentaje de grasa y perímetro de cintura respecto a las atletas, con tamaños del efecto grandes en varias de estas variables. En los hombres, las diferencias fueron principalmente triviales, pequeñas o moderadas. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las disciplinas en ninguna de las variables evaluadas (p > 0,05). Se concluye que, aunque la disciplina deportiva no produjo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la muestra analizada, los tamaños del efecto evidenciaron diferencias antropométricas de relevancia práctica, especialmente en las mujeres, lo que resalta la necesidad de considerar el sexo y las exigencias de cada modalidad en la planificación y el seguimiento deportivo.

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Betula nigra (River Birch) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media Library…

Abstract: This dataset contains high-resolution flatbed scans of Betula nigra (River Birch) collected in Story County, Iowa, USA. These images were generated as part of the Iowa Forestry Media Library (IFML). Specimen Details Taxon: Betula nigra Family: Betulaceae Common Name: River Birch Specimen Type: Leaf (Adaxial & Abaxial) Collection Date: 2025 Location: Story County, Iowa, USA Data Structure To facilitate both scientific analysis and general use, this dataset is organized into two distinct packages: Archival Package (.zip): Contains the raw, uncompressed 48-bit TIFF masters captured at 1200 dpi. These files are cropped to the specimen boundaries and contain no color grading, post-processing, or physical scale bars. Recommended for high-magnification analysis of venation and pubescence. Access Package (.zip): Contains processed, color-corrected images. This includes PNGs with backgrounds removed (transparent) and high-quality JPEGs sharpened for immediate use in presentations, teaching materials, and web applications. Technical Specifications Scanner: Epson Expression 13000XL Resolution: 1200 dpi Color Depth: 48-bit Color (TIFF) / 24-bit (JPEG/PNG) Processing: Archival TIFFs are raw crops. Access files were processed in Adobe Photoshop and Lightroom using a standardized white balance and editing script to ensure consistency across the library. Citation & Attribution Under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0), you are free to use these images but must provide appropriate credit. For Academic Research (Bibliography): Willard, Eli. (2026). Iowa Forestry Media Library: Betula nigra Dataset 008. Zenodo. For Web, Social Media, or Presentations (Caption/Credit Line): "Image courtesy of Eli Willard / Iowa Forestry Media Library (CC-BY 4.0)"