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Mazkur maqolada mahsulot tannarxining shakllanish omillari, uning asosiy tarkibiy qismlari, tannarxni kamaytirish bo‘yicha mavjud ilmiy yondashuvlar va amaliy mexanizmlar yoritildi. Sh…

Mazkur maqolada mahsulot tannarxining shakllanish omillari, uning asosiy tarkibiy qismlari, tannarxni kamaytirish bo‘yicha mavjud ilmiy yondashuvlar va amaliy mexanizmlar yoritildi. Shuningdek, tadqiqotda xo’jalik yurituvchi subyektlarda mahsulot tannarxiga ta’sir etuvchi omillar tahlil qilinib, xarajatlarni kamaytirishga qaratilgan taklif va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqildi. 

That's the main abstract field — the box under Publication date and Authors. It's what appears on the public record page and what people read before deciding to request the file. Paste this in: …

That's the main abstract field — the box under Publication date and Authors. It's what appears on the public record page and what people read before deciding to request the file. Paste this in: Silica sand is among the highest-tonnage industrial minerals and one of the most poorly differentiated: the same compound is traded across four orders of magnitude of unit value, separated entirely by purity, size control and consistency. This study sets out the engineering by which that separation is achieved, developed from first principles and demonstrated throughout on a documented deposit — the Tenoukla silica sand at El Ma Labiod, Wilaya of Tébessa, north-eastern Algeria. The treatment is organised so that the engineering stands independently of the case. It covers deposit genesis and type, exploration and evaluation methodology, and the full physical beneficiation circuit — screening, hydrocyclone classification, attrition scrubbing, gravity concentration, low- and high-intensity magnetic separation, flotation, dewatering and closed-circuit water management — followed by chemical purification: leaching thermodynamics and kinetics, the mineral, organic and hydrofluoric acid systems, alkaline dissolution and controlled re-precipitation, corrosion engineering and materials selection, and reagent balances. Each unit operation is developed through its engineering objective, governing mechanism, design and operating parameters, process variables, optimisation and control philosophy, and is supported by its own schematic. Laboratory characterisation, testwork programme design and mass-balance closure are treated as a discipline in their own right. The case study contributes an original characterisation from a 53-sample channel dataset. A near-perfect inverse correlation between silica and alumina (r = −0.991) establishes that grade is governed almost entirely by aluminosilicate dilution, with the practical consequence that grade control may be exercised through an alumina proxy rather than full silica assay. Granulometric analysis places approximately 32.5 per cent of run-of-mine mass outside the flat-glass specification envelope, identifying size distribution rather than chemistry as the dominant control on plant yield — a distinction with direct consequences for reserve conversion and plant sizing. Documented washing and plant-scale beneficiation results are reassessed, including a recomputation of the reported iron-reduction figure, and the residual feldspar-hosted alumina surviving physical processing is identified as the constraint that determines the chemical route and its cost structure. Throughout, a strict separation is maintained between general engineering, referenced to international literature, and deposit-specific data, which is identified as such wherever it appears; gaps in the experimental record are stated explicitly rather than estimated. 109 pages, 65 figures, 20 tables.

Solenopsis picapica sp. nov.Type material.Holotype. Worker, specimen identifier MNHNSD FOS 18.129 # 1 [MNHNSD] (Fig. 7); Dominican Republic, deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural “…

Solenopsis picapica sp. nov.Type material.Holotype. Worker, specimen identifier MNHNSD FOS 18.129 # 1 [MNHNSD] (Fig. 7); Dominican Republic, deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural “ Prof. Eugenio de Jesús Marcano ”, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Fig. 7). Preserved within a 20 mm by 15 mm piece of yellow amber with internal bubbles. Synclusions include a small termite and an Azteca ant worker.Horizon and locality.Early Miocene, Burdigalian (ca. 16 Ma; Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee 1996); in amber from the Northern mines of the Santiago Province, Dominican Republic.Paratypes.3 workers, specimen identifiers MNHNSD FOS 18.129 # 2 (Fig. 6 D), MNHNSD FOS 18.129 # 3, and MNHNSD FOS 18.129 # 4 (3 workers) [MNHNSD]; Dominican Republic.Additional material examined.Worker, specimen identifier AMNH - DR- 10-169 [AMNH] (Fig. 6 E), Dominican Republic.Diagnosis.Worker. With characters of the Solenopsis genus, plus the following unique combination of characters: Head sub-quadrate, with posterior margin shallowly concave; scape about 2 / 3 of head length, longer than four times length of pedicel (a 2); anterior margin of clypeus with well-developed lateral teeth, lateral teeth higher than a fifth of the distance that separates them; mandible with 3 conspicuous teeth and a basal fourth. Propodeum in lateral view with subequal dorsal and declivitous margins and unarmed, and posterodorsal propodeal spiracle. Petiolar peduncle longer than length of the petiolar node, petiolar node angular dorsally; petiole in dorsal view longer than wide and longer than high in profile; postpetiole wider than long in dorsal view and broader than petiole; subpetiolar process without ventral tooth and subpostpetiolar configuration, consisting of laterally produced tubercules and a long centrally projected lip. Body with suberect setae, particularly abundant on dorsum of gaster.Description.Worker.Head. In full-face view, head sub-quadrate, slightly longer than wide, posterior margin shallowly concave; compound eyes small, containing 5–6 ommatidia, oval and weakly bulging, inserted in the latero-dorsal margin, located slightly in front of the mid-length of the head; frontal carinae restricted to the small rounded frontal lobes; frontal lobes present and rather developed, concealing most of the antennal sockets; antenna 10 - segmented; antennal scape about 2 / 3 of head length and longer than four times pedicel length; median portion of clypeus raised and rather narrowly inserted between the frontal lobe; clypeus longitudinally bicarinate, consisting of two symmetrical and subrectilinear carinae, into frons in v shape, each one terminating in a prominent tooth in the anterior clypeal margin (clypeal lateral teeth), concave margin between the two lateral teeth, extralateral teeth absent; mandibles with three conspicuous teeth and a fourth one defining the basal angle; the apical tooth being the longest.Mesosoma. In profile, outline of pronotum convex; metanotal groove deep laterally and dorsally; propodeum in dorsal view with subparallel lateral sides, regular carina on each side of the dorsum, from the metanotal groove to the posterior margin; in profile, dorsal and declivitous margins subequal, propodeum unarmed; propodeal spiracle located on the upper half of propodeum, excentered toward the posterior margin (posterodorsal position).Metasoma. In lateral view, petiolar peduncle longer than length of the petiolar node, subpetiolar process reduced, sometimes forming a translucent lamella; petiolar node angular dorsally; in dorsal view, petiole longer than wide and longer than high, in profile, anterior face concave, dorsum flat, posterior face coarsely convex. Postpetiole nodulous, broader than long in dorsal view, wider than petiole, and lower than petiole in lateral view, subpostpetiolar process produced as sharp downward facing lip, flanked by two bulbs. Gaster lanceolate.Sculpturing, setation and coloration. Body smooth. Head (mandibles and antennae included), mesosoma (legs included), metasoma with suberect setae; mandibles, antennae and legs covered by numerous short suberect setae.Holotype measurements (in mm) and indices.TL 1.46; EL 0.038; HL 0.42; HW 0.33; PH 0.23; PW 0.22; PPH 0.14; PPL 0.13; PPW 0.12; PTH 0.18; PTL 0.17; PTW 0.11; SL 0.33; WL 0.55; ATIVL. 30; CI 89; SI 100; OI 10; DMI 46; LMI 42; LPeI 81; DPeI 85; LPpI 136; DPpI 120; PPI 109; PTI 123.Etymology.The specific epithet is a name in apposition referring to the Dominican “ Locrio de pica pica ”, a typical Dominican recipe similar to paella, but made with canned sardines.Comments.Among Dominican amber Solenopsis, S. picapica sp. nov. is most similar to S. viralata sp. nov., although it differs from it in having longer scape relative to head length but shorter pedicel relative to following antennomeres, dorsal margin of propodeum not visibly shorter than declivitous margin, and a propodeum spiracle deported toward the posterior margin. It differs from S. pilonaria sp. nov., and S. merengue sp. nov. in having a shallowly concave posterior margin of head, different antennal configuration, more prominent clypeal teeth, different subpetiolar process configuration, and no pairs of longer setae on propodeum, petiole, and postpetiole dorsum. S. picapica sp. nov. is the only species with S. lamellata sp. nov. to have an antenna pedicel much shorter than antennomeres 3–7 combined; it is the only species with a petiole not higher than long.Solenopsis picapica sp. nov. shares affinities with the molesta species complex, based on: funicular segments broader than long, eyes small but distinct of fewer than 12 ommatidia, bicarinate clypeus with concave median anterior margin of clypeus, head somewhat quadrate to slightly elongate, postpetiole slightly wider than petiole in dorsal view, and fine punctures on dorsum of head. Within the molesta species complex, the body size (ca. 2.0 mm), fine punctures, developed clypeal teeth, oval-shaped eyes, and rounded propodeum, suggests affinities with the molesta subgroup. Similarities are also displayed with the pygmaea species complex and more particularly with the species S. goeldii Forel, 1912 mainly for sharing a relatively short peduncle, without a ventral tooth, and with ventrally convex margin. Yet, it differs from these species by the head without abundant coarse punctures, nor abundant pilosity, with larger eyes containing 5–6 ommatidia, as opposed to 1–3. The new species differs from all previously described species by the following combination of characters: smooth mesopleuron, spiracle on posterior part of propodeum, absence of petiolar peduncle ventral tooth, and the subpostpetiolar configuration, consisting of laterally produced tubercules and a long centrally projected lip.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological profile of self-inflicted violence notifications among adolescents and young adults treated at Dr. Daniel Houly Emergency Hospital, in Arapiraca, Alagoas, Bra…

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological profile of self-inflicted violence notifications among adolescents and young adults treated at Dr. Daniel Houly Emergency Hospital, in Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil, between 2020 and 2024, relating the findings to Émile Durkheim’s sociological interpretation. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional quantitative study based on aggregated secondary data from the Violence and Accident Surveillance System/Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (VIVA/Sinan), made available through DATASUS. The study included 1,981 notifications involving individuals aged 15 to 29 years. Data were analyzed according to sex, age group, race/skin color, marital status, schooling, municipality of origin, place of occurrence, means of aggression, and recurrence, using absolute and relative frequencies. Results: The series showed an overall increase in notifications, from 348 cases in 2020 to 440 in 2024, despite a decline in 2023. Females accounted for 74.7% of the records, while young adults aged 20 to 29 years represented 58.8%. The parda category, corresponding to brown or mixed-race individuals, predominated, accounting for 79.1% of the reported records. Arapiraca accounted for 53.3% of the municipalities of origin. The home was the most frequent place of occurrence, and poisoning was the predominant means of aggression. In terms of schooling, incomplete upper secondary education and incomplete elementary education were the most frequent categories. Recurrence was recorded in 15.9% of cases, with a high proportion of blank or unknown fields. Conclusion: In the area studied, self-inflicted violence was concentrated among females and young adults and occurred within a context marked by social vulnerability, institutional weaknesses, and limitations in post-crisis follow-up. Durkheim’s concept of anomie contributes to understanding the relationship between weakened social bonds, social dysregulation, and suffering, but does not replace clinical and psychosocial approaches. Strengthening the Psychosocial Care Network, intersectoral coordination, and the quality of notifications is essential to reduce recurrence and prevent avoidable deaths.

Solenopsis viralata sp. nov.Type material.Holotype. Worker, specimen identifier MCZ: Ent: PALE- 33947 [MCZ] (Fig. 6); Dominican Republic, deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Univ…

Solenopsis viralata sp. nov.Type material.Holotype. Worker, specimen identifier MCZ: Ent: PALE- 33947 [MCZ] (Fig. 6); Dominican Republic, deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts U. S. A. Preserved within an 8 mm by 3 mm section of yellow amber. No syninclusions.Horizon and locality.Early Miocene, Burdigalian (ca. 16 Ma; Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee 1996); in amber from the Eastern mines of the Hato Mayor Province, Dominican Republic.Diagnosis.Worker. With characters of the Solenopsis genus, plus the following unique combination of characters: Head sub-quadrate, with posterior margin shallowly concave; scape shorter than 2 / 3 of head length; anterior margin of clypeus with well-developed lateral teeth, teeth higher than a fifth of the distance that separates them; mandible with three conspicuous teeth and a basal fourth. Propodeum in dorsal view with subparallel lateral margins; in lateral view, the dorsal margin visibly shorter than declivitous margin, propodeum unarmed; dorso-median position of propodeal spiracle. Petiolar peduncle about the same length as the petiolar node, petiolar node angular dorsally; in dorsal view, petiole and postpetiole nodulous, of equal width, petiole about as long as broad and postpetiole broader than long; subpetiolar process without ventral tooth. Body with suberect setae, particularly abundant on dorsum of gaster.Description.Worker.Head. In full-face view, head sub-quadrate, slightly longer than wide, posterior margin shallowly concave; compound eye, oval, and weakly bulging, inserted in the latero-dorsal margin, located slightly in front of the mid-length of the head; frontal carinae restricted to the small rounded frontal lobes; frontal lobes present and rather developed, concealing most of the antennal sockets; antenna 10 segmented; antennal scape less than 2 / 3 of head length but longer than four times pedicel length; median portion of clypeus raised and rather narrowly inserted between the frontal lobe; clypeus longitudinally bicarinate, consisting of two symmetrical and sub-rectilinear carinae, into frons in v shape, each one terminating in a prominent tooth in the anterior clypeal margin (clypeal lateral teeth), with concave margin between them, extralateral teeth absent; mandibles with 3 conspicuous teeth and a fourth one defining the basal angle; the apical tooth being the longest.Mesosoma. In profile, outline of pronotum convex; metanotal groove deep laterally and dorsally; propodeum in dorsal view with lateral margins subparallel, regular carina on each side of the dorsum, from the metanotal groove to the posterior margin; in profile, dorsal face convex, shorter than declivitous face; propodeal spiracle round, centered on the upper half of propodeum (mediodorsal position).Metasoma. In lateral view, petiolar peduncle about the same length as the petiolar node, subpetiolar process forming conspicuous anterior facing tooth; petiolar node angular dorsally, in dorsal view about as broad as long, in lateral view anterior face concave, dorsum flat, posterior face coarsely convex. Postpetiole node rounded, broader than long, as broad as petiole in dorsal view, and lower than petiole in lateral view. Gaster lanceolate.Sculpturing, setation and coloration. Body smooth. Head (mandibles and antennae included), mesosoma (legs included), metasoma with suberect setae, mandibles, antennae and legs covered by numerous short suberect setae.Holotype measurements (in mm) and indices.TL 1.8–2.0; HW 0.36; PW 0.20; PPW 0.10; PTL 0.12; PTW 0.10; SL 0.28–0.29; WL 0.47–0.50; SI 78; DMI 41; DPeI 83; PPI 100.Etymology.The species was named by students of the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic). The naming refers to a word used in Dominican Republic. “ Viralata ” is said to the dogs in the street.Comments.Among Dominican amber Solenopsis, S. viralata sp. nov. is most similar to S. picapica sp. nov., although it differs from it in having shorter scape relative to head length and shorter pedicel relative to following antennomeres, but longer apical antennomere relative to the length of combined antennomeres 3–9, and a propodeum spiracle centered on upper half of propodeum and not deported toward the posterior margin. It differs from S. pilonaria sp. nov., and S. merengue sp. nov. in having a shallowly concave posterior margin of head, different antennal configuration, more prominent clypeal teeth, different subpetiolar process configuration, and no pairs of longer setae on propodeum, petiole, and postpetiole dorsum. It is the only species with dorsal margin of propodeum visibly shorter than declivitous margin.Solenopsis viralata sp. nov. shares affinities with the molesta species complex, based on: funicular segments broader than long, eyes small but distinct of fewer than 12 ommatidia, bicarinate clypeus with concave median anterior margin of clypeus, head somewhat quadrate, postpetiole about as wide as petiole, and fine punctures on dorsum of head. Within the molesta species complex, the body size (> 1.6 mm), fine punctures, developed clypeal teeth, oval-shaped eyes, and rounded propodeum, suggests affinities with the molesta subgroup. Yet, the combination of antennal configuration, distance between lateral clypeal teeth ca. 60–65 µm, smooth mesopleuron, spiracle on mid part of propodeum, the lateral keels of the propodeum, and absence of petiolar peduncle ventral tooth separate this species from the other species in the genus and from the rest of the Formicidae.Possible additional material of Solenopsis viralata sp. nov. MCZ: Ent: PALE- 33947 does not present clear trace of dehydration or compression. There is no syninclusion in the piece containing the specimen.

Solenopsis merengue sp. nov.Type material.Holotype. Worker, specimen identifier MNHNSD FOS 18.130 [MNHNSD] (Fig. 5 A – E); Dominican Republic, deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural…

Solenopsis merengue sp. nov.Type material.Holotype. Worker, specimen identifier MNHNSD FOS 18.130 [MNHNSD] (Fig. 5 A – E); Dominican Republic, deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural “ Prof. Eugenio de Jesús Marcano ”, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Fig. 5). Preserved within a 5 mm by 3 mm section of yellow amber with internal bubbles. No synclusions.Horizon and locality.Early Miocene, Burdigalian (ca. 16 Ma; Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee 1996); in amber from the Northern mines of the Santiago Province, Dominican Republic.Diagnosis.Worker. With characters of the Solenopsis genus, plus the following unique combination of characters: Head sub-quadrate, slightly longer than wide, posterior margin of head straight; scape about 2 / 3 of head length; anterior margin of clypeus with poorly-developed lateral teeth, with teeth height lower than a fifth of the distance separating the teeth; masticatory margin of the mandibles with 3 large, coarse teeth and a basal fourth, smaller. Propodeum in dorsal view with subparallel lateral margins; in lateral view dorsal and declivitous margins subequal, propodeal propodeum unarmed; mediodorsal position of spiracle on propodeum. Petiolar peduncle shorter than the length of the petiolar node, petiolar node rounded dorsally; in dorsal view petiole broader than long; petiole and postpetiole nodulous, postpetiole wider than petiole; in lateral view postpetiole lower than petiole and broader than long in dorsal view; subpetiolar process with a ventral tooth; subpostpetiolar process thick and shovel-like, creating a concave cavity. Body setae medium and sub-erect, with pairs of longer setae on dorsum of propodeum, petiole, and postpetiole segments.Description.Worker.Head. In full-face view, head sub-quadrate, slightly longer than wide, posterior margin straight; eyes small, with 6–7 ommatidia, located slightly in front of the mid-length of the head; frontal carinae restricted to the small frontal lobes; frontal lobes present and rather developed, concealing most of the antennal sockets; antenna 10 - segmented; antennal scape bent in its basal part, not surpassing the occipital margin, about 2 / 3 of head length and more than four times pedicel length; median portion of clypeus slightly concave, narrowly inserted between the frontal lobe, clypeus longitudinally bicarinate, consisting of two symmetrical and sub-rectilineal carinae, each one terminating in a poorly developed tip in the anterior clypeal margin, projected forward; clypeal lateral teeth poorly developed, their height lower than a fifth of the distance that separates teeth tips; extralateral teeth absent; anterior margin of clypeus in W-shaped (its extremity defined by the lateral teeth), concave margin between the teeth; clypeus with an unpaired long seta at the midpoint of the anterior margin; mandibles with 3 conspicuous teeth and a fourth tooth defining the basal angle; the apical tooth being the longest. Subbasal and subapical teeth spaced apart.Mesosoma. In profile, outline of pronotum convex; metanotal groove deep laterally and dorsally; propodeum in dorsal view with lateral margins subparallel; in profile, dorsal face slightly convex, about as long as declivitous face, meeting declivitous face at rounded angle, declivitous face slightly convex; propodeal spiracle large, circular, centered on upper half of propodeum (mediodorsal position).Metasoma. In lateral view, petiolar peduncle shorter than the length of the petiolar node, subpetiolar process forming conspicuous anterior facing tooth; petiolar node rounded dorsally; in dorsal view broader than long, in lateral view anterior face convex, dorsal face strongly convex, posterior face convex. Postpetiole rounded dorsally, as wide as petiole and only slightly lower than petiole in lateral view; subpostpetiolar process with conspicuous coupled anterior facing lobes, ventrally lobes meet at strongly concave sternite. Gaster lanceolate; sting out, very elongate, its extremity ended by a beveled or at least a tapered edge.Sculpturing, setation and coloration. Head (mandibles and antennae included), mesosoma (legs included), metasoma with suberect setae of medium-size, which seem to be especially more abundant on the head and the gaster; anterior margin of pronotum, dorsum of petiole and postpetiole with a pair of long setae; mandibles, antennae and legs covered by numerous short suberect setae. Sculpturing appears uniformly smooth.Holotype measurements (in mm) and indices.TL 1.32; HL 0.37; HW 0.30; PH 0.15; PW 0.19; PPH 0.12; PPL 0.10; PPW 0.12; PTH 0.14; PTL 0.15; PTW 0.12; SL 0.22; WL 0.39; ATIVL 0.31; CI 81; SI 73; DMI 49; LMI 38; LPeI 107; DPeI 80; LPpI 83; DPpI 120; PPI 100; PTI 93.Etymology.The species was named by students of the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic). The naming refers to words from Dominican Republic. The specific epithet refers to the “ Merengue ” music and dance originating from the Dominican Republic. It is treated as a name apposition.Comments.Among Dominican amber Solenopsis, S. merengue sp. nov. is most similar to S. pilonaria sp. nov., although it differs from it notably in having longer scape relative to head length, no extralateral clypeal teeth, four mandibular teeth, and a propodeum spiracle centered on upper half of propodeum and not deported toward the posterior margin. It differs from S. viralata sp. nov., and S. picapica sp. nov. in having a straight posterior margin of head, different antennal configuration, less developed lateral clypeal teeth, different subpetiolar process configuration, and different pilosity configuration. The teeth of the mandible resemble S. lamellata sp. nov., but S. merengue sp. nov. lacks the propodeal lamella, the head is rectangular and the propodeum tapers posteriorly. It is the only species having a scape longer than 2 / 3 of head lengthSolenopsis merengue sp. nov. shares affinities with the brevicornis species complex, based on: funicular segments broader than long, eyes fewer than 12 ommatidia, bicarinate clypeus with concave median anterior margin of clypeus, head somewhat quadrate to slightly elongate, postpetiole about as wide as petiole, to slightly wider in dorsal view, and fine punctures on dorsum of head. Among the brevicornis species complex, the species mostly resembles S. brevicornis. However, it also differs from it by a longer scape, the presence of a ventral tooth on the petiolar peduncle, and a different shape of propodeum. The combination of antennal configuration, large and coarse teeth (except the basal one) and the greater height of the petiole relative to the postpetiole separates this species from other Solenopsis and most or all Formicidae.